Organelle Functions
Barriers
The Cell Wall is found only in Plants and prokaryotes, and are located on the very edge of the cell. The Cell Wall is used for structural support and protection. The Cell Wall is freely permeable and is made of cellulose. The Cell wall is responsible for the rectangular shape of the cell. The Cell Wall was discovered by Robert Hooke when he looked at plant cells under his own microscope.
Photo Credits: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Eukaryota_cell_strucutre.PNG
Photo Credits: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Eukaryota_cell_strucutre.PNG
The Cell Membrane, otherwise known as the Plasma Membrane. The Cell membrane are found in all cells. Its purpose is to support and protect the cells. The Cell Membrane also regulates movement in and out of the cell such as water nutrients and waste products. The Cell Membrane is the outermost layer of the cell, and is made of a phospholipid bilayer. The Cell Membrane is selectively permeable which means that only certain things can pass through its 5 mm thick frame. Robert Hooke also discovered the Cell Membrane when he was looking at Cells in his microscope.
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Photo Credits: http://ccaoscience.files.wordpress.com/2011/04/cell-plasma-membrane.jpg
The Nuclear Envelope or the Nuclear membrane , surrounds the nucleus and has thousands of pore on its surface. The Nuclear Envelope moves materials in and out including RNA. The nuclear membrane is located on the outside of the nucleus and between the cytoplasm. The Nuclear Membrane was discovered by Robert brown with the help of Theodor Schwann. They discovered in with a light microscope and two adjusters.
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Photo Credits: http://i92.photobucket.com/albums/l10/Mayely-06/nuclearmembrane.png
Fluids
The Nucleoplasm is basically the cytoplasm of the Nucleus. The Nucleoplasm lies between the Nucleolus and the Nuclear Membrane. The Nucleoplasm holds the chromatin and is the medium of the Nucleus. It is debated that Robert brown discovered the nucleoplasm.
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Photo Credits: http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/311/flashcards/1406311/jpg/nucleuous1334540909869.jpg
Protoplasm is a term for all the substances inside the cells. The Protoplasm is found inside the Cell Membrane. This website is a very interesting facts about the Protoplasm http://www.lifesciencesfoundation.org/events-Protoplasm.html
Photo Credits:
http://www.lifesciencesfoundation.org/content/media/2011/09/20/1838_Protoplasm_Oxford_Illustarted_Encyclopedia-large.jpg
Photo Credits:
http://www.lifesciencesfoundation.org/content/media/2011/09/20/1838_Protoplasm_Oxford_Illustarted_Encyclopedia-large.jpg
This Organelle is the Cytoplasm or the Cytsol. The Cytoplasm is located between the Cell Membrane and the Nuclear Envelope. The Cytoplasm is the site of most chemical activity inside the cell. The Cytoplasm is made of fluids in the cell. The Cytoplasm holds all the organelles in place and allows movement within the cell. The cytoplasm was discovered by Robert Hooke.
Photo Credits: http://ajweinmann.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/cytoplasm.jpg
Photo Credits: http://ajweinmann.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/cytoplasm.jpg
The Nucleus
This Is the Nucleus, basically the powerhouse of the cell. The Nucleus controls most cell processes within the cell even down to the genetic processes and the reproduction. The Nucleus is found in the middle of cell and is usually drawn purple. The nucleus includes the chromatin and has a circular shape in the cell. All Eukaryotes have a nucleus and are actually named after "having a nucleus". The nucleus was discovered by Robert Hooke aparently.
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Photo Credits: http://th04.deviantart.net/fs13/200H/f/2007/050/2/f/Animal_cell_by_monstara.jpg
Is the Nucleolus, which is found in the middle of the Nucleus. The Nucleolus is a small dense region within the Nucleus that assembles the Ribosomes. The Nucleolus is circular and is always in the Nucleus. The Nucleolus was discovered in 1774 by Felice Fontana.
Photo Credits: http://image.tutorvista.com/content/feed/tvcs/nucleolus.jpg
Photo Credits: http://image.tutorvista.com/content/feed/tvcs/nucleolus.jpg
Chromatin are the strings of DNA located in the Nucleus and during cell division it compacts itself into Chromosome. The Chromatin is bound to proteins in the cell. The individual strands are DNA.
Photo Credits: http://www.broadinstitute.org/files/news/images/2010/chromatin_states_2a.png
Photo Credits: http://www.broadinstitute.org/files/news/images/2010/chromatin_states_2a.png
The Nuclear pores are located on the Nucleolus in the thousands, which were first discovered in the nineteenth century and thought to be a connection from the cytoplasm to the nucleus but more recently scientists believe that the nuclear pore are "are highly dynamic multiprotein assemblies involved in diverse cellular processes ranging from the organization of the cytoskeleton to gene expression" according to the US. National Library of Medicine and National Institute of Health
Organelles in the Cytoplasm
This is part of the Cytoskeleton which acts like the spinal cord of the cell and helps maintain its shape. The Cytoskeleton have protein filaments and the Cytoskeleton also are involved in cell movement. The cytoskeleton is found in the cytoplasm. The part of the Cytoskeleton can be long strands and help in internal transport.
Photo Credits: http://img.sparknotes.com/figures/D/d479f5da672c08a54f986ae699069d7a/cytosol.gif
Photo Credits: http://img.sparknotes.com/figures/D/d479f5da672c08a54f986ae699069d7a/cytosol.gif
The Mitochondria are organelles that use energy from food to make high energy compounds (ATP) needed for a reaction within the cell. The Mitochondria is found in the Cytoplasm and is a membrane bound organelle. The mItochondria was discovered by Richard Altmann in 1894.
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Attached Ribosomes are small and are made form RNA. They assemble proteins in the cytoplasm that are then sent to the Golgi apparatus. Attached Ribosomes are the type of Ribosome that are attached to the Rough ER. Ribosomes were discovered in the mid1950's by Romanian cell biologist George Emil Palade.
Photo Credits: Elena Azzad
Photo Credits: Elena Azzad
Free Ribosomes are small and are made form RNA. They assemble proteins in the cytoplasm that are then sent to the Golgi apparatus. Free Ribosomes are the type of Ribosome that moves freely in the cytoplasm and are not attached to any other organelle.
Photo Credits:http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/imgbio/ribosome.gif
Photo Credits:http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/imgbio/ribosome.gif
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) is the organelle that synthesis lipids, phospholipids, and steroids. This type of Endoplasmic Reticululm is not covered with Ribosomes but is attached to the distal RER.'
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Photo Credit: http://cellsorganelles.weebly.com/uploads/1/3/8/0/13802066/2728500_orig.gif?175
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) is the organelle that have Ribosomes studding the surface. The RER aids in synthesis and modifying proteins. The RER is found wrapping around the nucleus in the cytoplasm.
Photo Credits: http://epiehonorsbiology.wikispaces.com/file/view/Rough%20ER%20pic%201.jpg/391044836/300x217/Rough%20ER%20pic%201.jpg
Photo Credits: http://epiehonorsbiology.wikispaces.com/file/view/Rough%20ER%20pic%201.jpg/391044836/300x217/Rough%20ER%20pic%201.jpg
The Golgi apparatus lies in the cytoplasm and receives protein from the Rough ER. After it is received its enzymes attach carbohydrates and lipids to the protein so they can store the protein until its needed. So when the proteins are needed they will be sent to their final destination be it within the cell or outside. The Nuclear Envelope or the Nuclear membrane , surrounds the nucleus and has thousands of pore on its surface. The Nuclear Envelope moves materials in and out including RNA.
This process is called the packing and shipping. The Golgi body was discovered by Camillo Golgi in 1898.
Photo Credits: http://fog.ccsf.edu/~mmalacho/physio/oll/Lesson2/images/3Slide12.GIF
This process is called the packing and shipping. The Golgi body was discovered by Camillo Golgi in 1898.
Photo Credits: http://fog.ccsf.edu/~mmalacho/physio/oll/Lesson2/images/3Slide12.GIF
Centrioles are the part of the cell that aids in the process of cell division. They are cylindrical and are made up of micro-tubules. In certain cases or as "basal bodies" they can form cilia and flagella. The Centrioles are found in the Cytoplasm.
Photo Credits: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Blausen_0214_Centrioles.png
Photo Credits: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Blausen_0214_Centrioles.png
Vacuoles ( in plant cell) are a very huge organelle and typically takes up the most space in the plant cell. The Vacuole holds water and helps in the plant support by keeping turgor pressure high. The Vacuole was discovered by Felix Dujardin in 1841.
Photo Credit:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Plant_cell_structure_svg_vacuole.svg/649px-Plant_cell_structure_svg_vacuole.svg.png
Photo Credit:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Plant_cell_structure_svg_vacuole.svg/649px-Plant_cell_structure_svg_vacuole.svg.png
Vacuoles (in animal cells) are much smaller in the animal cells than in the plant cells. The vacuoles are Saclike structures that stroe water, salts, proteins, carbs and more. The Vacuoles are found in the Cytoplasm.
Photo Credit; http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Biological_cell_vacuole.svg/1466px-Biological_cell_vacuole.svg.png
Photo Credit; http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Biological_cell_vacuole.svg/1466px-Biological_cell_vacuole.svg.png
Lysosomes are the part of the cell that breaks down lipids, carbohydrates,and protein from food. They also break down old organelles, debris, and harmful invaders. Lysosomes are filled with enzymes like H2O2 that enable them to break down things. The Lysosomes were discovered in 1949 by Christian de Duve.
Photo Credits: http://langlopress.net/homeeducation/resources/scien e/content/support/illustrations/Cell%20Structures/Lysosomes.jpg
Photo Credits: http://langlopress.net/homeeducation/resources/scien e/content/support/illustrations/Cell%20Structures/Lysosomes.jpg
Plastids
Plastid 1: Chloroplast are found in plants, not animals or fungi. The Chloroplast uses sunlight to make energy rich food through photosynthesis. The Chloroplast is found in the cytoplasm.
Photo Credits: http://www.nature.com/scitable/content/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/14705175/U3CP5-1_ChloroplastStructu_ksm.jpg
Photo Credits: http://www.nature.com/scitable/content/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/ne0000/14705175/U3CP5-1_ChloroplastStructu_ksm.jpg
Plastid 2: Leucoplast sometimes called amyloplast and it stores starch. The Leucoplast is found in the cytoplasm in the cell and it was discovered in 1883 by a german biologist named Andreas Franz. The Leucoplast also contain protein and oil.
Photo Credits: http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/ge04/plastids.gif
Photo Credits: http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/ge04/plastids.gif
Plastid 3: Chromoplast are found in plants and it stores its pigment. The Chromoplast are found in plant cells and typically store multiple colored pigment like yellow and orange.
Photo Credits; https://mrswolfgang.wikispaces.com/file/view/chromoplast....carpeeee.png/61540644/chromoplast....carpeeee.png
Photo Credits; https://mrswolfgang.wikispaces.com/file/view/chromoplast....carpeeee.png/61540644/chromoplast....carpeeee.png
Movement of Cell
Cilia are small, hairlike organelles on the surface of the cells. Cilia is used for moving the cell and was discovered by Anton Leeuwenhoek in 1675.
Photo Credit:
http://www.ouhsc.edu/histology/Glass%20slides/13_03.jpg
Photo Credit:
http://www.ouhsc.edu/histology/Glass%20slides/13_03.jpg
Flagella is a long strand of hair like structure. The flagella is also used for movement in protozoan organisms. The flagella is found on the outside of the cell on the cell membrane. The flagella was discovered by Anton Leeuwenhoek in 1675.
Photo credits: http://academic.pgcc.edu/~kroberts/Lecture/Chapter%204/04-21_FlagellarStain_L.jpg
Photo credits: http://academic.pgcc.edu/~kroberts/Lecture/Chapter%204/04-21_FlagellarStain_L.jpg